Contents # 3/2020

N. N. Chernogor, A. S. Emelyanov
Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow 117218, Russian Federation
E-mail: chernogor72@yandex.ru; adm1@izak.ru

Abstract. The article considers certain directions of developing a comparative method in jurisprudence, which are conditioned by the need to include law and order and interests in the objects of comparative law. Based on domestic and foreign sources, the authors reveal the existing interdependencies between them. The research literature is the works of domestic and foreign researchers in the field of comparative legal studies, as well as philosophy and theory of law.
The methodological basis of the research is based on general scientific and private scientific methods, such as dialectical method, analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction, comparative legal and historical legal methods, and a systematic approach.
The research reveals the significance of the rule of law as an object of comparative law, the concept of interest and the classification of interests in law. The process of influence of foreign legal systems on the legal field of the Russian Federation is considered. The authors recognize the full value of modern comparative law and the legal geography of the world, and hence, identify new criteria for differentiation and integration of various legal systems, international, supranational, national, trans- and subnational levels. In order to underline these criterias the authors introduce sonoma, itara and sodica concepts, which denote legal phenomena uniting various legal systems and the rule of law, and which are of a normative, institutional and axiological nature, respectively.

Keywords: comparative law, comparative method, law and order, interest, private interest, public interest, legal interest, system of law, legal system, integration and differentiation of society.

For citation: Chernogor N. N., Emelyanov A. S. Law and Order and Interest in the Context of Comparative Law Development. Zhurnal zarubezhnogo zakonodatel'stva i sravnitel'nogo pravovedeniya = Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law, 2020, no. 3, pp. 5—25. DOI: 10.12737/jflcl.2020.016 (In Russ.)

References

Abraham H. Maslow. Motivation and Personality. Reprinted from the English edition by Harper & Row, Publishers 1954. New York, 1970.

Alekseev S. S. Teoriya gosudarstva i prava. Moscow, 1986.

Alekseev S. S. Gosudarstvo i pravo. Nachal’nyy kurs. Moscow, 1994.

Aristotel’. Afinskaya politiya. Politika. Moscow, 1997.

Aristotel’. Nikomakhova etika. Moscow, 1997.

Artem’eva Yu. A., Borisova E. A., Ermakova E. P. et al. Sposoby razresheniya sporov v raznosistemnykh pravoporyadkakh. Moscow, 2017.

Bashkina O. G. V. Leybnits o razdelenii suvereniteta. Sotsiologicheskoe obozrenie, 2015, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 93—105.

Bielenstein A. Die Grenzen des lettischen Volksstammes und der lettischen Sprache in der Gegenwart und im 13. Jahrhundert: ein Beitrag zur ethnologischen Geographie und Geschichte Russlands: mit einem Atlas von 7 Blätter. St. Petersburg, 1892.

Biologicheskiy entsiklopedicheskiy slovar’. Ed. by M. S. Gilyarov. Moscow, 1989.

Bobbio N. Teoria dell’ordinamento Giuridico. Torino, 1960.

Bogdan M. Comparative Law. Kluwer, 1994.

Cherdantsev A. F. Teoriya gosudarstva i prava. Moscow, 2001.

David R., Zhoffre-Spinozi K. Osnovnye pravovye sistemy sovremennosti. Moscow, 1998.

Emel’yanov A. S., Chernogor N. N. Pravoporyadok: ekonomicheskoe povedenie i ego pravovaya forma. Zakonodatel’stvo i ekonomika, 2016, no. 8.

Engel’s F. Proiskhozhdenie sem’i, chastnoy sobstvennosti i gosudarstva. In Marks K., Engel’s F. Izbrannye proizvedeniya. Moscow, 1985. Vol. 3.

Gegel’ G. V. F. Fenomenologiya Dukha. Filosofiya istorii. Moscow, 2007.

Gegel’ G. V. F. Filosofiya prava. Moscow, 2007.

Gershkovich B. Ya. Ekonomicheskie interesy i ikh realizatsiya. Pyatigorsk, 1999.

Glezerman G. E. Istoricheskiy materializm i razvitie sotsialisticheskogo obshchestva. Moscow, 1973.

Grinin L. E. Proizvoditel’nye sily i istoricheskiy protsess. M., 2006.

Iering R. Tsel’ v prave. Izbrannye trudy. Samara, 2003.

Il’in I. A. Obshchee uchenie o prave i gosudarstve. Sobranie sochineniy. Moscow, 1994. Vol. 4.

Kant I. Metafizika nravov. Kritika prakticheskogo razuma. St. Petersburg, 1995.

Kantor J. R. A Functional Interpretation of Human Instincts. Psychological Review, 1920, no. 27.

Kappeler A. Rossiya — mnogonatsional’naya imperiya: vozniknovenie, istoriya, raspad. Moscow, 2000.

Kazimirchuk V. P. Sotsial’nyy mekhanizm deystviya prava. Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo, 1970, no. 10.

Kegley Ch. W. Reinhold Niebuhr: His Religious, Social and Political Thoughts. New York, 2009.

Kelsen H. The Concept of the Legal order. Translated by Stanley L. Paulson. Oxford Journal, 1982, no. 27 (1).

Knapp V. Velké právní systémy: úvod do srovnávací právní vědy. Praha, 1996.

Leont’ev A. N. Deyatel’nost’. Soznanie. Lichnost’. Moscow, 1977.

Leont’eva E. A. Kontseptsiya edinogo ob»ekta nedvizhimosti v germanskom grazhdanskom prave. Pravo. Zhurnal Vysshey shkoly ekonomiki = Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics, 2011, no. 2.

Lokk Dzh. Dva traktata o pravlenii. Sochineniya. Vol. 3. Moscow, 1988.

Marchenko M. N. Mesto i rol’ sravnitel’nogo pravovedeniya v sisteme nauchnykh i uchebnykh distsiplin. Metodologiya sravnitel’nogo pravovedeniya. Ed. by Yu. A. Tikhomirov. Moscow, 2012.

Marks K. Kapital. Kritika politicheskoy ekonomii. Vol. 1. Book 1: Protsess proizvodstva kapitala. St. Petersburg, 2013.

Morgan L. G. Drevnee obshchestvo ili issledovanie liniy chelovecheskogo progressa ot dikosti cherez varvarstvo k tsivilizatsii. Leningrad, 1933.

Morgenthau Hans J. Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace. 2nd ed. New York, 1954.

Nechaeva A. M. Spory o nedelimom. Rossiyskaya yustitsiya, 2016, no. 2.

Nunez X.-M. The region as Essence of Fatherland: Regionalist variants of Spanish Nationalism (1840—1936). European History Quarterly, 2001, vol. 31 (4).

Obshchaya teoriya gosudarstva i prava. Akademicheskiy kurs. Ed. by M. N. Marchenko. Moscow, 2010.

Obshchee uchenie o pravovom poryadke: voskhozhdenie pravoporyadka. Vol. 1. Ed. by N. N. Chernogor. Moscow, 2019.

Rabinovich P. M. Uprochenie zakonnosti — zakonomernost’ sotsializma. L’vov, 1975.

Rosenbauer H. Das Wohnungs-bzw. Teileigentum und seine Einordnung in das bürgerliche Recht. Nürnberg, 1968.

Rubinshteyn S. L. Osnovy obshchey psikhologii. Moscow, 1946.

Saidov A. Kh. Sravnitel’noe pravovedenie (osnovnye pravovye sistemy sovremennosti). Ed. by V. A. Tumanov. Moscow, 2003.

Sergeevich V. I. Drevnosti russkogo prava. Moscow, 2007. Vol. 1.

Shaburov A. S. Teoriya gosudarstva i prava. Moscow, 1997.

Shaykenov N. A. Pravovoe obespechenie interesov lichnosti. Sverdlovsk, 1990.

Shershenevich G. F. Obshchaya teoriya prava. Moscow, 1911.

Shibutann T. Sotsial’naya psikhologiya. Moscow, 1969.

Shpengler O. Zakat Evropy. Moscow, 1993.

Shpringer R. Natsional’naya problema. Moscow, 2010.

Slovar’ fiziologicheskikh terminov. Ed. by O. G. Gazenko. Moscow, 1987.

Spink A. Information behavior. An evolutionary instinct. Dordrecht, 2010.

Subochev V. V. Zakonnye interesy. Ed. by A. V. Mal’ko. Moscow, 2008.

Tikhomirov Yu. A. Kriterii sravnitel’no-pravovogo analiza natsional’nykh zakonodatel’stv. Metodologiya sravnitel’nogo pravovedeniya. Ed. by Yu. A. Tikhomirov. Moscow, 2012.

Tikhomirov Yu. A. Suverenitet v usloviyakh globalizatsii. Pravo i politika, 2006, no. 11.

Tit Liviy. Istoriya Rima ot osnovaniya goroda. Ed. by M. L. Gasparov, G. S. Knabe, V. M. Smirin. Vol. 1. Moscow, 1989.

Toynbi A. Dzh. Postizhenie istorii. Moscow, 2002.

Tsvaygert K., Ketts Kh. Sravnitel’noe chastnoe pravo. Moscow, 2019.

Wigmore J. The Panorama of the World’s Legal Systems. Washington, 1928.

Yavich L. S. Obshchaya teoriya prava. Leningrad, 1976.

Yavich L. S. Sotsialisticheskiy pravoporyadok. Leningrad, 1972.

Zakhvataev V. N. Kodeks Napoleona. Moscow, 2012.

  Download

A. Di Gregorio
University of Milan, Milan, Italy

Abstract. Various manifestations of the modern democracy crisis require their own understanding, including updating the conceptual apparatus and scientific discourse. Until recently western democracies managed to export their model as successful, but since crisis signs and degradation accumulate, they indicate a deep evolution of liberal democracy. If earlier the scientific discourse was dominated by the theme of “transition to democracy”, especially in relation to former Communist regimes, today it has been replaced by the rhetoric of disintegration, regression or constitutional degeneration. It concerns not only these countries, but widely covers the so-called consolidated democracies. The “illiberal democracy” concept dominates in the scientific literature of recent years. It has prompted constitutional scholars to introduce such concepts as “populist constitutionalism” and “authoritarian constitutionalism”. The article analyzes the main works of authors who introduce these concepts. As for the European context itself, the author believes that the introduction of a concept like “authoritarian liberalism” is justified, in particular, in relation to the EU's reactions to the economic crises of recent years.
The author concludes that the simplified dichotomy between democratic and autocratic political regimes again becomes more complex with the appearance of difficult-to-classify transit forms, which are endowed with a sufficient degree of stability. This, in turn, points to the need for large-scale interdisciplinary research, since the efforts of comparative law alone are no longer sufficient.

Keywords: illiberal democracy, authoritarian liberalism, authoritarian constitutionalism, populist constitutionalism.

For citation: Di Gregorio A. The Crisis of Modern Democracy and the Emergence of New Intermediate Categories Between Democracy and Authoritarianism. Zhurnal zarubezhnogo zakonodatel'stva i sravnitel'nogo pravovedeniya = Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law, 2020, no. 3, pp. 26—33. DOI: 10.12737/jflcl.2020.017 (In Russ.)

References

Balkin J. M. Populism and Progressivism as Constitutional Categories. Yale Law Journal, 1991, vol. 104.

Bilgrami A. Reflections on three populism. Philosophy and Social Criticism, 2018, vol. 44, no. 4.

Blokker P. Populist Constitutionalism. Routledge Handbook of Global Populism. Ed. by C. de la Torre. London, 2018.

Bobbio N. Democrazia. Dizionario di politica. Ed. by N. Bobbio, N. Matteucci, G. Pasquino. Torino, 1990.

Bugarić B. Central Europe’s descent into autocracy: a constitutional analysis of authoritarian populism. International Journal of Constitutional Law, 2019, vol. 17 (2).

Daly T. G. Democratic Decay: Conceptualising an Emerging Research Field. Hague Journal on the Rule of Law, 2019, vol. 11, no. 1.

Democrazie imperfette. Ed. by A. Di Giovine, S. Sicardi. Torino, 2005.

Di Gregorio A. L’Ungheria e i valori europei: un matrimonio impossibile. Rassegna parlamentare, 2018, no. 2.

Di Gregorio A. Regressioni costituzionali e corti apicali: i casi di Venezuela, Turchia, Russia, Ungheria e Polonia. Percorsi costituzionali, 2018, no. 2—3.

Frankenberg G. Authoritarian Constitutionalism — Coming to Terms with Modernity’s Dreams and Demons. Available at: https://d-nb.info/1156326621/34.

Halmai G. Is there such thing as “populist constitutionalism”? The case of Hungary. Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences, 2018, vol. 11, no. 3.

Herrera C. M. Le populisme constitutionnel. Annuaire International de Justice Constitutionnelle, XXXIV, 2018.

Huq A., Ginsburg T. How to Lose a Constitutional Democracy. University of Chicago Law Review, 2018, vol. 78.

Kosař D., Baroš J., Dufek P. The Twin Challenges to Separation of Powers in Central Europe: Technocratic Governance and Populism. European Constitutional Law Review, 2019, vol. 15, no. 3.

Laclau E. La raison populiste. Paris, 2008.

Mathieu B. Le Droit contre la démocratie? LGDJ. Paris, 2017.

Mezzetti L. Le democrazie incerte. Transizioni costituzionali e consolidamento della democrazia in Europa orientale, Africa, America latina, Asia. Torino, 2000.

Møller J. The Gap between Electoral and Liberal Democracy Revisited: Some Conceptual and Empirical Qualifications. Acta Politica, 2007, vol. 42, no. 4.

Mounk Y. The People Versus Democracy: The Rise of Undemocratic Liberalism and the Threat of Illiberal Democracy. Harvard, 2018.

Muller J.-W. Cos’è il populismo? Milano, 2017.

Parker R. D. “Here, the people rule”: A constitutional populist manifesto. Valparaiso University Law Review. 1993, vol. 27 (3).

Pech L., Scheppele K. L. Poland and the European Commission, Part I: A Dialogue of the Deaf? Verfassungsblog, 3 January 2017.

Philippe X. La légitimation constitutionnelle des démocratures. Pouvoirs, 2019, no. 2.

Pinelli C. Illiberal regimes in the perspective of comparative constitutionalism. Rivista di Diritti Comparati, no. 1/2017.

Pinelli C. The Populist Challenge to Constitutional Democracy. European Constitutional Law Review, 2011, vol. 7, no. 1.

Puddington A. Breaking Down Democracy: Goals, Strategies, and Methods of Modern Authoritarians, Freedom House. June 2017. Available at: https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/June2017_FH_Report_Breaking_Down_Democracy.pdf.

Tushnet M. Against judicial review. Harvard Public Law Working Paper, 2006, March 26, no. 09-20.

Tushnet M. Authoritarian Constitutionalism. Constitutions in Authoritarian Regimes. Ed. by T. Ginsburg, A. Simpser. New York, 2014.

Tushnet M. Authoritarian Constitutionalism. Cornell Law Review, 2015, January, vol. 100, no. 2.

Tushnet M. Taking the Constitution Away from the Courts. Princeton, 1999.

Volpi M. La diffusione della democrazia e i suoi limiti. Democrazie imperfette. Ed. by A. Di Giovine, S. Sicardi Torino, 2005.

Wilkinson M. A. Authoritarian liberalism as authoritarian constitutionalism. Authoritarian Constitutionalism. Comparative Analysis and Critique. Ed. by E. A. García, G. Frankenberg. Cheltenham, 2019.

Zakaria F. The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy at Home and Abroad. New York, 2003.

Zakaria F. The Rise of Illiberal Democracy. Foreign Affairs, 1997, vol. 76, no. 6.

  Download

A. A. Isaeva
Law Institute, Tomsk State University, Tomsk 634050, Russian Federation
E-mail: tess@mail2000.ru

Abstract. The article presents an analysis of the problem of restriction of freedom of conscience and the principles used by the national constitutional justice bodies and the European Court of Human Rights to determine their admissibility. The aim of the work is to identify the risks of applying the German principle of proportionality and the American balancing, as well as determining the possibility of using them in Russia.
Along with the general methods of scientific knowledge, special legal methods are used, i.e.: analysis of terminology, modeling, comparative legal study of the provisions of legislation and law enforcement practice, international legal acts, generalization of ideas in science.
A model of the internal structure of freedom of conscience, the possibility of state restrictions on the internal and external components of its powers is considered. It is proved that the principle of proportionality is not a sufficiently flexible tool in protecting freedom of conscience. It is only allowed to determine whether the restriction on the exercise of freedom of conscience is permissible or not. At the same time, the method of balancing interests used by the US Supreme Court seems to be more flexible in protecting freedom of conscience. The court, while reaching a balance between conflicting interests, does not exclude the possibility of the existence of one of them, but describes the conditions under which both of them can be realized to one degree or another. However, assuming these interpretative powers, the judiciary is expanding its sphere of competence through norm-setting.
It is concluded that the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation in its decisions on issues of freedom of conscience does not consistently use any of the principles considered, but it often refers to individual elements of the principle of proportionality. However, it seems that it is advisable to apply the particular principle sequentially, reflecting all the elements in its enforcement acts. This may increase the effectiveness of the freedom of conscience protection, the validity and consistency in setting forth the content of the court decision itself.

Keywords: freedom of conscience, principle of proportionality, American Balancing, restricting human rights, European Court of Human Rights, US Supreme Court.

For citation: Isaeva A. A. Using the Principle of Proportionality and the American Balancing in Determining the Availability of Restrictions of Freedom of Conscience. Zhurnal zarubezhnogo zakonodatel'stva i sravnitel'nogo pravovedeniya = Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law, 2020, no. 3, pp. 34—50. DOI: 10.12737/jflcl.2020.018 (In Russ.)

References

Alexy R. A Theory of Constitutional Rights. Oxford; New York, 2002. 465 p.

Dolzhikov A. V. Pride and Prejudioe”: Proportionality of Blanket Constitutional Ban on the Right to Vote for Detained Persons in Russia.

Judgment of the European Court of Human Rights of 4 July 2013. Mezhdunarodnoe pravosudie, 2013, no. 4, pp. 11—31. (In Russ.)

Evans C. Freedom of Religion under the European Convention on Human Rights. Oxford, 2001. 222 p.

Freedom in Australia. Ed. by E. Campbell, H. Whitmore. Sydney, 1966. 298 p.

Klatt M., Meister M. The Structure of the Proportionality Test. Oxford, 2012. 204 p.

Koen-Eliya M., Porat I. American Balancing and German Proportionality: The Historical Origins. Sravnitel’noe konstitutsionnoe obozrenie, 2011, no. 3 (82), pp. 59—81. (In Russ.)

Kondrashev A. A. Limitations of constitutional rights in the Russian Federation: theoretical approaches and political-law practice. Konstitutsionnoe i munitsipal’noe pravo, 2014, no. 7, pp. 40—47. (In Russ.)

Lapaeva V. V. Criteria for restricting the rights of citizens of the Russian Federation to political unification (in the light of European standards of legal democracy): Report at the international conference “Political Parties in a Democratic Society: Legal Foundations of Organization and Activities”, organized by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation in conjunction with the Venice Commission of the Council of Europe (St. Petersburg, September 27-28, 2012). Available at: http://www.rcoit.ru/actual/detail/16267/#_ftN2 (accessed 20.10.2019). (In Russ.)

McDoughal M. S., Lasswell H. D., Chen L. The Right to Religious Freedom and World Public Order: The Emerging Norm of Non-Discrimination. Michigan Law Review, 1976, vol. 74, no. 5, pp. 865—898.

Mikhaylov A. A. The principle of proportionality: essence, practices of the European Court of Human Rights, Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and importance for improvement of the system of proof in the modern criminal process in Russia. Ugolovnaya yustitsiya, 2016, no. 1 (7), pp. 56—69. (In Russ.)

Pchelintsev A. V. Religious freedom and religious associations in the Russian Federation: constitutional and legal research. Dr. diss. thesis. Moscow, 2012. 57 p. (In Russ.)

Ponkin I. V. To the question of the content of the concept of respect by the state of the internal institutions of religious organizations. Religiya i pravo, 2015, no. 2, pp. 10—15. (In Russ.)

Rivers J. Proportionality and Variable Intensity of Review. Cambridge Law Journal, 2006, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 174—207.

Shakhov M. O., Pchelintsev A. V., Zagrebina I. V. The internal establishment of religious organizations. Moscow, 2017. 248 p. (In Russ.)

Shustrov D. Constitutional revolution and the emergence of the principle of proportionality in Israeli constitutional law. Sravnitel’noe konstitutsionnoe obozrenie, 2015, no. 1 (104), pp. 92—116. (In Russ.)

Troitskaya A. Limits of Rights and Absolute Rights: Are They beyond Proportionality? Theoretical Questions and the Russian Constitutional Court’s Jurisprudence. Sravnitel’noe konstitutsionnoe obozrenie, 2015, no. 2 (105), pp. 45—69. (In Russ.)

  Download

N. V. Buzova
Center for the Study of Justice Problems, Russian State University of Justice, Moscow 117418, Russian Federation
E-mail: nbuzova@yandex.ru

Abstract. The international treaties on copyright and related rights provide legal protection for the results of the creative activities of authors, performers, producers of phonograms and broadcasting organizations in many countries of the world. The development of scientific and technological progress, the emergence of new objects and new ways of using set the world community the task of improving international legal mechanisms and finding new solutions. Within the framework of international organizations, drafts of new international treaties are being developed, but in the process of their creation, experts encounter some problems.
The article discusses the initiatives and draft international treaties on the database protection and the rights of broadcasting organizations developed by the Standing Committee on Copyright and Related Rights of the World Intellectual Property Organization. Attention is drawn to problematic issues that require additional discussion, for example, the scope of protection provided, the protected object and the rights granted. A comparative legal analysis of national legislation in the field of copyright and related rights is carried out.
Based on the analysis of acts of foreign countries and draft international treaties, the article identifies problems that impede the development of international legal regulation. Attention is drawn to the complexity of creating a comprehensive international legal mechanism to protect the objects of related rights throughout the world. The article notes the advisability of extending the legal protection of the results of the intellectual activity of broadcasting organizations not only during broadcasting and cable broadcasting, but also issues of how to use such results in information and telecommunication networks. As a study of years of normative work on draft international treaties shows, in order to create an effective legal protection mechanism, in addition to legal and economic research, the political will of states is needed to bring positions closer and find compromises.

Keywords: database, broadcasting, exclusive right, producer of phonograms, performer, broadcasting organization, theater director, related rights.

For citation: Buzova N. V. International Legal Regulation of Related Rights: Current Status and Prospects. Zhurnal zarubezhnogo zakonodatel'stva i sravnitel'nogo pravovedeniya = Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law, 2020, no. 3, pp. 51—67. DOI: 10.12737/jflcl.2020.019 (In Russ.)

References

Albegonov Z. Kh. Civil enforcement of the rights of broadcasting and cablecasting organizations to communication by wireless means or by cable under the new Russian civil legislation. Cand. diss. thesis. Moscow, 2011. 22 p. (In Russ.)

Commentary on Part Four of the Civil Sode of the Russian Federation (article-by-article). Ed. by E. A. Pavlova. Moscow, 2018. 928 p. (In Russ.)

Ficsor M. Guide to the copyright and related rights treaties administered by WIPO and glossary of copyright and related rights terms. Geneva, 2003.

Gavrilov E. P. Commentary on the Law of Copyright and Neighboring Rights. Moscow, 1996. 244 p. (In Russ.)

Grishaev S. P. Mass media and copyright. Avtorskoe pravo i sredstva massovoy informatsii. Zakonodatel'nye i drugie normativnye akty, 2002, iss. 20, pp. 123—167. (In Russ.)

Ha L. Webcasting. Available at: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.198.8219&rep=rep1&type=pdf (accessed: 10.09.2019).

Intellectual Property Law. Ed. by I. A. Bliznets. Moscow, 2014. 949 p. (In Russ.)

Ivanov A. A. International legal protection of related rights. Cand. diss. thesis. Saratov, 2016. 22 p. (In Russ.)

Korchagin D., Negulyaev G., Podshibikhin L. What should be the international treaty for the protection of audiovisual performances. Intellektual'naya sobstvennost'. Avtorskoe pravo i smezhnye prava, 2001, no. 5, pp. 2—13. (In Russ.)

Leont'ev K. Problems of legal support for webcasting of TV and radio broadcasting organizations. Intellektual'naya sobstvennost'. Avtorskoe pravo i smezhnye prava, 2004, no. 8, pp. 46—58. (In Russ.)

Liptsik D. Copyright and Neighboring Rights. Moscow, 2002. 788 p. (In Russ.)

Mikhaylova N. S., Vakhitova Yu. I. The Stage Director as a Subject of Intellectual Property Rights: Problems of the Status Deter-mination. Vestnik Permskogo Universiteta. Juridicheskie Nauki = Perm University Herald, Juridical Sciences, 2017, iss. 38, pp. 497—507. (In Russ.)

Osipenko S. T. Related Rights: Legislation and International Treaties of the Russian Federation. Cand. diss. Moscow, 2003. 28 p. (In Russ.)

Prakash P. WIPO Broadcast Treaty and Webcasting. Available at: https://cis-india.org/a2k/blogs/wipo-broadcast-treaty-and-webcasting (accessed 15.09.2019).

Rozhkova M. A., Afanas'ev D. V. International treaties in the field of intellectual property (current review of multilateral agreements). Moscow, 2017. 768 p. (In Russ.)

Sergeev A. P. Intellectual property law in the Russian Federation. 2^nd ed. Moscow, 2001. 752 p. (In Russ.)

Turlin A. I. International Legal Regulation of Intellectual Property (Related Rights). Cand. diss. thesis. St. Petersburg, 1995. 15 p. (In Russ.)

Voynikanis E. A., Kalyatin V. O. Database as an object of legal regulation. Moscow, 2011. 174 p. (In Russ.)

Yarkina N. E. Related Rights in Copyright. Cand. diss. thesis. Khar'kov, 2000. 22 p. (In Russ.)

  Download

R. I. Dremliuga, A. V. Kripakova, A. A. Yakovenko
Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690922, Russian Federation
E-mail: dremliuga.ri@dvfu.ru; kripakova.av@dvfu.ru; andrey.drus@yandex.ru

Abstract. The development of technologies for unmanned (autonomous) transport is one of the strategic priorities of the Russian Federation. Despite the great attention to this area, it is hardly possible to speak about significant successes of Russia in implementing the use of autonomous motor transport on public roads. This study assumes that the legal regime is a catalyst or a deterrent to the development of the autonomous motor transport sector.
The purpose of the study is to analyze the norms in the field of testing and operation of autonomous motor vehicles in the United States of America. This country is one of the leaders in the study area, so their experience can be useful in the development and modification of the Russian legal framework for the regulation of exploiting autonomous motor vehicles. The objectives of the study are: a) to determine the regulatory framework related to the regulation of relations on testing and operation of autonomous vehicles; b) to identify the position of the federation and the states related to the need for regulation and its limits; c) to assess the prospects of borrowing good regulatory practices.
The study is based on a dialectical method of learning, general research methods of abstraction, analysis and synthesis, and specific legal methods (comparative legal, logical and legal, etc.).
The article concludes that the U. S. federal government does not attempt to define all regulatory rules and only sets recommended standards, allowing states to choose their own regulatory approach. In the competition between different approaches in individual states, the softer regulatory model, where testing of autonomous motor vehicles does not require licensing and permitting procedures, is more suitable for the development of this sector of the digital economy. The authors conclude that the U. S. experience can be used in Russia primarily to identify problematic regulatory points and organize control over testing and use of autonomous vehicles.

Keywords: regulation of autonomous vehicles testing, unmanned vehicles, US law, digital economy.

For citation: Dremliuga R. I., Kripakova A. V., Yakovenko A. A. Regulation and Exploitation of Autonomous Vehicle Testing: The US Experience. Zhurnal zarubezhnogo zakonodatel'stva i sravnitel'nogo pravovedeniya = Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law, 2020, no. 3, pp. 68—85. DOI: 10.12737/jflcl.2020.020 (In Russ.)

References

A ride without danger. How to avoid being attacked in a taxi. Available at: https://life.ru/t/rassledovaniya/1170420/poiezdka_biez_opasnosti_kak_izbiezhat_napadieniia_v_taksi. (In Russ.)

Asaro P. M. A Body to Kick, but Still No Soul to Damn: Legal Perspectives on Robotics. In Lin P., Abney K. and Bekey G. A. (eds.). Robot Ethics: The Ethical and Social Implications of Robotics, MIT Press. London, 2012. 186 p.

Dremlyuga R. I. Artificial intelligence systems as a means of committing a crime. Informatsionnoe pravo, 2019, no. 1, pp. 21—25. (In Russ.)

Fagnant D., Kockelman K. M. The travel and environmental implications of shared autonomous vehicles, using agent-based model scenarios. Transportation Research Part C Emerging Technologies, 2014, no. 40, pp. 1—22.

Gittleman M., Monaco K. Truck-Driving Jobs: Are They Headed for Rapid Elimination? ILR Review, 2020, no. 73(1), pp. 3—24.

Guns blazing: Taxi passengers are increasingly getting into unpleasant stories. Available at: https://iz.ru/834237/anastasiia-chepovskaia/shashki-nagolo-passazhiry-taksi-vse-chashche-popadaiut-v-nepriiatnye-istorii. (In Russ.)

Kim J., Park S., Kim K. S., Lee S. Environmental implications on energy and emissions of the use of a connected and autonomous vehicle environment. Chemical Engineering Transactions, 2019, no. 72, pp. 97—102.

Korobeev A. I., Chuchaev A. I. Unmanned vehicles: new challenges to public security. Lex Russica, 2019, no. 2 (147), pp. 9–28.

Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/bespilotnye-transportnye-sredstva-novye-vyzovy-obschestvennoy-bezopasnosti (accessed 19.03.2019). (In Russ.)

Lemann A. B. Autonomous vehicles, technological progress, and the scope problem in products liability. Journal of Tort Law, jtl-2019-0029, 2019. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1515/jtl-2019-0029, pp. 157—212.

Lim H. S. M., Taeihagh A. Algorithmic decision-making in AVs: Understanding ethical and technical concerns for smart cities. Sustainability (Switzerland), 2019, October, pp. 1—28.

Ljungholm D. P. The safety and reliability of networked autonomous vehicles: Ethical dilemmas, liability litigation concerns, and regulatory issues. Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice, 2019, no. 11(2).

López-Lambas M. E., Alonso A. The driverless bus: An analysis of public perceptions and acceptability. Sustainability (Switzerland), 2019, September, pp. 1—15.

Ramsey M. Self-Driving Cars Could Cut Down on Accidents, Study Says. The Wall Street Journal. 2015. Available at: https://www.wsj.com/articles/self-driving-cars-could-cut-down-onaccidents-study-says-1425567905.

Smith B. W. Uber vs The Law. CIS, 2016. Available at: https://cyberlaw.stanford.edu/blog/2016/12/uber-vs-law.

Tikhomirov Yu. A., Krysenkova N. B., Nanba S. B., Margusheva Zh. A.. Robot and Human: A New Partnership? Zhurnal zarubezhnogo zakonodatel’stva i sravnitel’nogo pravovedeniya = Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law, 2018, no. 5, pp. 5—10. DOI: 10.12737/art.2018.5.1. (In Russ.)

Vellinga N. E. From the testing to the deployment of self-driving cars: Legal challenges to policymakers on the road ahead. Computer Law and Security Review, 2017, no. 33(6), pp. 847—863.

“Yandex” drone could drive 780 km from Moscow to Kazan. Available at: https://yandex.ru/news/story/Bespilotnik_YAndeksa_smog_proekhat_ot_Moskvy_do_Kazani_780_km--4e2cedc886a59d4d9261c6976384cf6b. (In Russ.)

  Download

I. S. Vlasov
Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow 117218, Russian Federation
E-mail: foreign1@izak.ru

Abstract. Continuous improvement of the legislative norms governing criminal liability for economic crimes is relevant for any legal system. In Germany, this issue has become particularly acute in the last two decades, and German lawyers tend to explain this by “absorption” at the very end of the 20^th century of the German Democratic Republic, where this account was subject to fundamentally different legislation.
Since in Germany the rules on criminal liability for economic crimes are established not only by the country's Criminal Code, but also by many special criminal and non-criminal laws, it is important to have a general definition of this set of criminal acts in the legislation. And if it is not in the current criminal law, then it will inevitably have to resort to what is in the German legal doctrine. The author refers to the attempts to give such a definition in many works of German authors; provides a detailed analysis of the relevant norms of special laws (first of all: of the Act on the Fight against Economic Crimes (Wirtschaftsstrafgesetz)), of legal journals, commentaries to the Criminal Code of Germany, and decisions of the Plenum of the Supreme Federal Court. A more or less satisfactory indication of such a definition is contained in the Act on the Fight against Economic Crimes of 1954, which provides for penalties for many economic crimes that are not included in the German Criminal Code, but which are indicated as constituting economic offences in by-laws issued on the basis of special laws in the field of economics. This could be the basis for a complete definition of the concept of the economic crime, if it were not for the fact that ultimately the punishment for a criminal offence could not be established by parliament, but in a by-law issued usually by the executive branch.

Keywords: German criminal law, norms of laws, economic crimes, stabilizing laws, competence of the federal government.

For citation: Vlasov I. S. Features of Liability for Economic Crimes in Germany. Zhurnal zarubezhnogo zakonodatel'stva i sravnitel'nogo pravovedeniya = Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law, 2020, no. 3, pp. 86—102. DOI: 10.12737/jflcl.2020.021 (In Russ.)

References

Hefenfeld, Juristenzeitung 1996.

Kapustina E. A. The Criminal-Right Policy of FRG in Point of Counteraction against Economic Crime. Tambov University Review. Series Humanities, 2015, no. 5, pp. 225—229. (In Russ.)

Lackner K., Kühl K. Strafgesetzbuch mit Erläuterungen. München, 1999.

Rechtswörterbuch, begründet von Carl Creifelds. München, 2000.

Üdersicht ueber die Geldfälschungsdelikte bei Puppe, JZ, 1997.

Zum Beispiel Dallinger. MDR: Monatschrift für deutsches Recht. 1953.

  Download

D. I. Dedov, European Court of Human Rights, Strasbourg, France

Kh. I. Hajiyev, Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow 117218, Russian Federation

DOI: 10.12737/jflcl.2020.025

  Download

O. F. Gagloev
Staff of the Government of the Republic of South Ossetia, Tskhinval 100001, Republic of South Ossetia
E-mail: oleg.gagloev@gmail.com

Abstract. The article is devoted to the study and analysis of the international legal development of dual citizenship regulation in the historical context up to the beginning of the XXI century. Special attention is paid to scientific approaches to the dual citizenship institution in various historical epochs.
The article reveals the attitude to dual citizenship in the Ancient world, when the first beginnings of international legal regulation of the phenomenon of dual citizenship appeared in the form of Greek agreements on epigamy. There was a significant increase in the number of cases of dual citizenship after the development of the New World and the emergence of new states, when European citizens who lived in the New World became simultaneously citizens of newly formed states. The author dwells in detail on the first attempt of the international community to resolve issues of dual citizenship by adopting a single universal act at the Hague Conference on the codification of international law, held under the auspices of the League of Nations in 1930, as well as on the results of regional summits in the framework of the seventh International conference of American States in 1933 and the Afro-Asian Legal Consultative Committee in 1964. The article analyzes the practice of states on bilateral regulation of issues of dual citizenship. Special attention is paid to the policy of the Russian Federation regarding dual citizenship.
It is noted that over time, the attitude to dual citizenship in the science of international law and the practice of countries around the world has become much more tolerant and liberal. Examples are given of how, over time, with the change of the political regime in a particular state, the country's policy towards the phenomenon of dual citizenship changes dramatically.
To sum up, the author suggests that as an effective mechanism for regulating the phenomenon of dual citizenship, which would remain so without taking into account the policies of individual States, the adoption of a single universal framework international legal act associated with regional cooperation of the world's countries on a geographical basis.

Keywords: dual citizenship, citizenship, bipatrides.

For citation: Gagloev O. F. International Legal Development of Dual Citizenship: Historical and Legal Aspect. Zhurnal zarubezhnogo zakonodatel'stva i sravnitel'nogo pravovedeniya = Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law, 2020, no. 3, pp. 115—129. DOI: 10.12737/jflcl.2020.022 (In Russ.)

References

Andrichenko L. V. Migration Law in the Russian Legal System. Zhurnal rossijskogo prava = Journal of Russian Law, 2018, no. 3, pp. 5—16. DOI: 10.12737/art_2018_3_1. (In Russ.)

Aristotel’. Politics. Writings. Vol. 4. Moscow, 1983. Pp. 376—644. Available at: http://www.opentextnn.ru/man/index.html@id=5703. (In Russ.)

Bar-Yaacov N. Dual Nationality. London, 1961. 297 p.

Bickel A. M. The Morality of Consent. New Haven; London, 1975. 156 p.

Boll A. M. Multiple Nationality and International law. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. Leiden; Boston, 2007. 649 p.

Borchard E. M. The Diplomatic Protection of Citizens Abroad or the Law of International Claims. The Banks Law Publishing & Co. New York, 1925. 1038 p. Available at: https://ia802505.us.archive.org/20/items/thediplomaticpro00borc/thediplomaticpro00borc_bw.pdf.

Castro F. de La nationalité la double nationalité et la supra-nationalité. Recueil des cours. Académie de droit international, 1961, vol. 102, no. 1, pp. 515—634.

Chernichenko S. V. Issues of Citizenship in Contemporary International law. Cand. diss. thesis. Moscow, 1964. 18 p. (In Russ.)

Crook J. Law and Life of Rome. Ithaca; New York, 1978. 350 p.

Dillon S. Mexico is Near to Granting Expatriates Voting Rights. The New York Times. 1996, June 16. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/16/world/mexico-is-near-to-granting-expatriates-voting-rights.html.

Donner R. The Regulation of Nationality in International Law. 2nd ed. Irvington-on-Hudson; New York, 1994. 434 p.

Dzhalilova E. E. The Institute of Dual Citizenship in Russia Revisited. Sovremennoe pravo, 2016, no. 5, pp. 34—39. (In Russ.)

Encyclopaedia Britannica. 11^th ed. Vol. 1. Available at: https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Allegiance.

Faist T. Dual Citizenship as Overlapping Membership. Willy Brandt Series of Working Papers. International Migration and Ethnic Relations, 2001, no. 3/01. 43 p.

Ginsburgs G. Option of nationality in Soviet treaty practice 1917—1924. The American Journal of International Law, 1961, vol. 55, pp. 919—946.

Goldstein E., Piazza V. Naturalization, Dual Citizenship and the Retention of Foreign Citizenship — A Survey. Interpreter Releases 517. 1996. Pp. 61—73.

Groot G.-R. de. The European Convention on Nationality: a step towards a ius commune in the field of nationality law. Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law, 2000, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 117—157.

Hammar T. Dual Citizenship and Political Integration. International Migration Review, 1985, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 438—450.

Hecker H. Die Doppelstaaterverträge des Ostblocks. WGO Monatshefte für Osteuropäisches Recht. 1986. Pp. 273—283.

Hunter V. Introduction: Status Distinctions in Athenian Law. Law and Social Status Classical Athens. Ed. by V. Hunter, J. Edmondson. Oxford, 2000. Pp. 1—29.

Jolowicz H. F., Nicholas B. Historical Introduction to the Study of Roman Law. 3rd ed. Cambridge, 1972. 528 p.

Khabrieva T. Y. Migration Law: Comparative Legal Research. Moscow, 2019. 400 p. (In Russ.)

Killerby M. Steps taken by the Council of Europe to promote the modernization of nationality laws of European states. Citizenship and Nationality Status in the New Europe. Ed. by S. O’Leary, T. Tiilikaninen. London, 1998. 261 p.

Kimminich O. The Conventions for the Prevention of Double Nationality and Their Meaning for Germany and Europe in a Era of Migration. German Year Book of International Law. 38^th ed. 1996. Pp. 225—250.

Koptev A. V. The codification of Theodosius and its preconditions. Drevnee pravo, 1996, no. 1, pp. 247—261. Available at: http://ancientrome.ru/publik/article.htm?a=1261957599. (In Russ.)

Koslowski R. Challenges of International Cooperation in a World of Increasing Dual Nationality. Rights and Duties of Dual Nationals. Ed. by D. A. Martin, K. Hailbronner. The Hague; London; New York, 2003. Pp. 157—182.

Koslowski R. Dual Nationality and Military Service: Changing International Norms and Policy Challenges, Presented at Dual Citizenship and Identity in the Global Context. Institute for the Study of Economic Culture. Boston University. May 6, 2000. 37 p.

Kovler A. I. Dual citizenship: panacea or trap? Actual problems of citizenship: materials of the international scientific-practical conference on problems of citizenship. Moscow, 1995. Pp. 116—122. (In Russ.)

Lassa Francis Oppenheim. International law. A treatise. Ed. by H. Lauterpacht. London, 1948. 654 p.

Marcane L. F. Contribución al estudio de la doble nacionalidad de los hijos de Españoles nacidos en América. La Habana: Imprente “El Siglo XX”, 1924. 205 p.

Moore J. B. A Digest of International Law. Vol. 3. Washington, 1906. 1029 p. Available at: https://ia802606.us.archive.org/8/items/digestofinternat03mooriala/digestofinternat03mooriala_bw.pdf.

Moore J. B. The Principles of American Diplomacy. New York; London, 1918. 480 p.

Nikitina E. E. Legislation on Citizenship and Improvement of Migration Policy of the Russian Federation. Zhurnal rossijskogo prava = Journal of Russian Law, 2019, no. 7, pp. 30—42. DOI: 10.12737/jrl.2019.7.3. (In Russ.)

Robertson B. G. The Scrutiny of New Citizens at Athens in Law and Social Status Classical Athens. Ed. by V. Hunter, J. Edmondson. Oxford, 2000. Pp. 148—174.

Shcheludyakova T. V., Zubareva A. V. Legal regulation of the status of bipatride in the Russian Federation: problems of improvement. Migratsionnoe pravo, 2014, no. 4, pp. 17—19. (In Russ.)

Sheng Yu. China’s nationality law and the principles of international law. Selected articles from the Chinese Yearbook of International Law, ed. Chinese Society of International Law. Beijing, 1983. Pp. 204—219.

Slaughter A.-M. International Law in a World of Liberal States. European Journal of International Law. 1995. Pp. 503—538. Available at: http://ejil.org/pdfs/6/1/1310.pdf.

Smirnova E. S. Institute of citizenship: statics or perspectives of national and international-law regulation. Konstitutsionnoe i munitsipal’noe pravo, 2015, no. 1, pp. 24—30. (In Russ.)

Sorensen J. M. The Exclusive European Citizenship: The Case for Refugees and Immigrants in the European Union. Reprint. ed. Aldershot; Brookfield; Singapore; Sydney, 1999. 181 p.

Spiro P. J. Dual Nationality and the Meaning of Citizenship. Emory Law Journal. Atlanta, 1997, no. 46, pp. 1412—1485.

Sucharitkul S. Thai nationality in international perspective. Nationality and International Law in Asian Perspective. Ed. by Ko Swan Sik. Dordrecht, 1990. Pp. 453—491.

Tellegen-Couperus O. A Short History of Roman Law. London; New York, 2002. 264 p.

The New Encyclopaedia Britannica. Macropaedia. 15^th ed. 1993. Vol. 20. 32640 p.

Whiteman M. M. Digest of international law, U. S. Government Printing Office. 1967. 1291 p.

  Download

V. S. Malichenko
Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow 117218, Russian Federation
E-mail: vlad.malichenko@gmail.com

Abstract. Currently, technology is the main tool for ensuring human well-being. The issues of technology transfer are identified in various international and regional agreements in different areas of international law, what emphasizes the key importance of regulating technology transfer in achieving sustainable development goals. Among main technology dependent SDGs should be mentioned access to water and sanitation, development of renewable energy sources, the creation of safe, sustainable and environmentally sustainable settlements, the transition to rational patterns of consumption and production, ensuring the protection of ecosystems. It is important to mention that the uncontrolled use of technology can cause significant restrictions on the implementation of human rights, especially of vulnerable categories of the population.
Today, at the level of international organizations, as well as in academia, there is no consensus regarding the definition of technology. The article analyzes various approaches to the definition of “technology” and “technology transfer” formed by researchers of various specialties, as well as the position of international organizations regarding the interpretation of these terms. Based on this analysis the author forms a proposal for a unified definition of technology transfer. Guided by the importance of access to technology in achieving almost all of the sustainable development goals, the author analyzes the main stages of improving the regulation of technology transfer in the activities of international and regional organizations. Special attention is paid to the issue of correlation of state interests, transnational corporations and the individual in the implementation of standards in the field of protection of intellectual property rights in the context of expanding access to technology. The article assesses the impact of TRIPS flexible mechanisms, as well as the provisions of bilateral trade agreements on the creation of favorable conditions for the exchange of technologies. Focusing on the problem of access to technology in the provision of medical and social assistance, the author analyzes the correlation between the right to the highest attainable standard of health and the right to access the achievements of the scientific congress in international and regional agreements.

Keywords: technology transfer, the right to health, sustainable development, human security.

For citation: Malichenko V. S. The Role of International Legal Regulation of Technology Transfer in Ensuring Human Security. Zhurnal zarubezhnogo zakonodatel'stva i sravnitel'nogo pravovedeniya = Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law, 2020, no. 3, pp. 130—146. DOI: 10.12737/jflcl.2020.023 (In Russ.)

References

Abashidze A. Kh. A safer world: our shared responsibility. Obozrevatel’, 2005, no. 1. (In Russ.)

Abashidze A. Kh., Malichenko V. S. Compulsory licensing mechanism under international and national law. Vestnik Rossiiskogo universiteta druzhby narodov. Seriya: Yuridicheskie nauki = RUDN Journal of Law, 2019, vol. 23, no. 1. (In Russ.)

Abashidze A. Kh., Malichenko V. S. Ensuring Access to Medicines during the Development of Intellectual Property Rights Protection Mechanisms. Sovremennoe pravo, 2013, no. 7. (In Russ.)

Abashidze A. Kh., Malichenko V. S. Expanding access to medicines in frame of the right to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and its applications. Evraziyskiy yuridicheskiy zhurnal, 2017, no. 5. (In Russ.)

Abashidze A. Kh., Malichenko V. S. The Activities of International Organizations on the Ensuring of a Universal Access to Medicine in the conditions of the Development of Mechanisms protecting Intellectual Property Rights. Moskovskiy zhurnal mezhdunarodnogo prava, 2017, no. 2 (106). (In Russ.)

Abbott K. W., Snidal D. Hard and Soft Law in International Relations. International Organization, 2000, vol. 54.

Alschner W. Amicable Settlements of WTO Disputes: Bilateral Solutions in a Multilateral System. World Trade Review, 2014, vol. 13, no. 1.

Bigelow J. Elements of Technology. 2nd ed. Boston, 1829.

Boutros-Ghali B. An Agenda for Peace. New York, 1992. Available at: https://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/226/32313.html.

Bozeman B. Technology Transfer and Public Policy: a Review of Research and Theory. Research Policy, 2000, no. 29.

Carroll L. A Comprehensive Definition of Technology from an Ethological Perspective. Social Sciences, 2017, vol. 6, no. 4.

Dozortsev V. A. Legal regime of scientific knowledge. Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo, 1973, no. 6. (In Russ.)

Fikentscher W. The Draft International Code of Conduct on the Transfer of Technology. Weinheim, 1980.

Galbraith J. The new industrial state. Princeton, 2007.

Grübler A. Technology and Global Change. Cambridge, 1998.

Grübler A. Technology and Global Change. Cambridge, 2003.

International transfer of technology: legal regulation. Ed. by M. M. Boguslavskiy. Moscow, 1985. (In Russ.)

Lukashuk I. I. International law. General part. 3rd ed. Moscow, 2005. (In Russ.)

Pauwelyn J., Wessel R. A., Wouters J. The Stagnation of International Law. SSRN Electronic Journal, January 2012.

Rotshild E. What is Security? Dædalus, vol. 124, no. 3. The Quest for World Order. 1995, Summer.

Schumpeter J. The Creative Response in Economic History. The Journal of Economic History, 1947, vol. 7, iss. 2.

Shakhnazarov B. A. Technology transfer legal problems. Aktual’nye problemy rossiyskogo prava, 2009, no. 2. (In Russ.)

Shugurov M. V. International Legal Regulation of Technology Transfer for Purposes of Safe Producing and Using the Toxic Chemicals. Rossiyskiy zhurnal pravovykh issledovaniy, 2017, no. 2 (11). (In Russ.)

Shugurov M. V. Perspectives of international cooperation in the field of science, and the field of technology transfer in “the post-2015 sustainable development agenda”. Rossiyskiy zhurnal pravovykh issledovaniy, 2018, no. 1 (14). (In Russ.)

Shumilov V. M. Law of World trade organization. Moscow, 2013. (In Russ.)

Smbatyan A. S. World trade organization: uniqueness and relevance. Pravo VTO, 2012, no. 1. (In Russ.)

Solow R. Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 1957, vol. 39, no. 3.

Volti R. Society and Technological Change. 7^th ed. New York, 2009.

Wolfson R. Merck and Walmart Will Track Prescription Drugs On IBM Blockchain In FDA Pilot. 13 June 2019. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/rachelwolfson/2019/06/13/merck-and-walmart-will-track-prescription-drugs-on-ibm-blockchain-in-fda-pilot/#50342352212e.

  Download

M. V. Inkina
Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow 117218, Russian Federation
E-mail: maria.inkina@gmail.com

Abstract. The article analyzes the evolution of international legal approaches to the problem of combating corruption and their impact on administrative and legal approaches to combating corruption in Russia, including through the implementation of some international conventions.
The purpose of the work is to analyze the changes that have occurred in these approaches in a brief but extremely eventful eventful period that lasted from about the beginning of the 1990s to the mid-2000s. During this period, the first generation of international legal approaches to countering corruption, in the form of conventions of various international intergovernmental organizations, was massively formed at the regional and international levels. By the end of this period, a basic macro-approach to countering corruption was formed through increased transparency of potentially corrupt situations, processes and procedures.
The task is to compile a systematic picture of the existing international legal approaches to the problem of combating corruption developed by international intergovernmental organizations and to establish how the ratification of some international conventions and the implementation of their approaches and measures in administrative law of the Russian Federation affected the anticorruption sphere of the administrative legal field.
The method of comparative analysis of international legal approaches to reducing the risks of corruption by increasing the transparency of corruption-related processes and phenomena cited in the UN Convention against Corruption, and a number of administrative legal approaches to reducing the risks of corruption introduced in Russia, reveals that a number of measures (although in fairness, we note that one of them was introduced before the ratification of the Convention).
It should be noted that none of the reviewed Conventions is based on an assessment of corruption risks. At the present time, the importance of conducting a systematic assessment of corruption risks and identifying, for example, the most corruption-related functions of a state body, is increasingly being viewed as a necessary basis for developing any anti-corruption program, since it allows it to be prioritized more clearly and more rationally.

Keywords: corruption risks, anti-corruption, Inter-American Convention against Corruption, OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions, Criminal Law Convention on Corruption, Civil Law Convention on Corruption, African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption, United Nations Convention against Corruption.

For citation: Inkina M. V. International Legal Approaches to Combating Corruption and Their Implementation in the Russian Administrative Law. Zhurnal zarubezhnogo zakonodatel'stva i sravnitel'nogo pravovedeniya = Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law, 2020, no. 3, pp. 147—162. DOI: 10.12737/jflcl.2020.024 (In Russ.)

References

Abed M. G. T., Davoodi M. H. R. Corruption, Structural Reforms, and Economic Performance in the Transition Economies. International Monetary Fund, 2000. 47 p.

Andrichenko L. V., Nikitina E. E., Spektor E. I. Establishing the system of prohibitions and limitations, as well as obligations with a view to combating corruption. Counteraction Corruption: New Challenges. Ed. by T. Y. Khabrieva. Moscow, 2018. Pp. 219—233. (In Russ.)

Anti-Corruption Standards of The Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development and Their Implementation in the Russian Federation. Ed. by T. Y. Khabrieva, A. V. Fedorov. Moscow, 2015. 296 p. (In Russ.)

Bulavin S. P., Iliy S. K., Minskaya S. V. Delictological characterization of Corruption. Corruption nature, types, counteraction. Ed. by T. Y. Khabrieva. Moscow, 2014. Pp. 60—73. (In Russ.)

Graycar A. Corruption: Classification and Analysis. Policy and Society, 2015, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 87—96.

Hansen H. K., Stachowicz-Stanusch A. Varieties of Corruption Control: Introduction to Special Issue. Crime, Law and Social Change, 2013, vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 115—126.

Hellman J. S., Jones G., Kaufmann D. Seize the State, Seize the Day: State Capture, Corruption, and Influence in Transition. The World Bank, 2000. 45 p.

Hellman J., Kaufmann D. Confronting the Challenge of State Capture in Transition Economies. Finance & Development, 2001, vol. 38, no. 3. Available at: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2001/09/hellman.htm (accessed 01.04.2020).

Johnston M. Corruption, Contention and Reform: The power of Deep Democratization. Cambridge, 2014, 296 p.

Johnston M. Syndromes of Corruption: Wealth, Power, and Democracy. New York, 2005. 283 p.

Kapustin A. Ya., Morozov A. N. International treaties and development of Russia's anti-corruption legislation. Counteraction Corruption: New Challenges. Ed. by T. Y. Khabrieva. Moscow, 2018. Pp. 92—104. (In Russ.)

Kashirkina A. A., Tiunov O. I. International law in counteraction corruption. Corruption nature, types, counteraction. Ed. by T. Y. Khabrieva. Moscow, 2014. Pp. 74—92. (In Russ.)

Khabrieva T. Y., Luk'yanova T. Yu. Legal qualification of corruption. Combating Corruption: New Challenges. Ed. by T. Y. Khabrieva. Moscow, 2016. Pp. 67—82. (In Russ.)

Khabrieva T. Y. Legal Problems of Implementation of International Anti—Corruption Conventions. Zhurnal zarubezhnogo zakonodatel'stva i sravnitel'nogo pravovedeniya = Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law, 2011, no. 4, pp. 16—27. (In Russ.)

Legal Framework for Implementation of Anti-Corruption Conventions. Ed. by O. I. Tiunov, A. Y. Kapustin. 2^nd ed. Moscow, 2015.

Methodology for Tracking Influence of Undertaken Anticorruption Measures on Elimination of Corruption Causes and Conditions, its Expansion. Correlation Between Corruption Causes and Conditions and Anticorruption Measures. Ed. by V. N. Yuzhakov, A. M. Tsirin. Moscow, 2016. Pp. 88—95. (In Russ.)

Tiunov O. I. The role of international recommendative acts in the combat against corruption. Legal means of combating corruption. Ed. by N. A. Vlasenko. Moscow, 2012. Pp. 74—81. (In Russ.)

Truntsevskiy Yu. V., Karpovich O. G. Assessment of Corruption Risks of the Company. Moscow, 2017. 272 p. (In Russ.)

Vlasov I. S. International legal instruments of combating corruption. Corruption Risks of Legislation: Causes, Factors, Overcoming. Ed. by E. I. Spektor, A. M. Tsirin. Moscow, 2013. Pp. 233—246. (In Russ.)

Wilkinson P. 10 Anti-Corruption Principles for State-Owned Enterprises. Transparency International, 2017. 44 p.

  Download

Yu. V. Golik
Moscow Academy of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation, Moscow 125080, Russian Federation

DOI: 10.12737/jflcl.2020.026

  Download

V. N. Borisov
Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow 117218, Russian Federation
E-mail: pil@izak.ru

Abstract. The review is dedicated to the Inaugural Global Conference “2019 HCCH Judgments Convention: Global Enforcement of Civil and Commercial Judgments” held on September 9, 2019 in Hong Kong. The review provides an assessment of the provisions of the 2019 Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments in Civil or Commercial matters, reflected in the speeches of speakers at the Conference. The importance of the Convention for the further development of cross-border commerce as an important stage on the path to creating a predictable and effective regulation of the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments on a global scale is noted. According to the developers of the Convention, who also took part in the work of the Conference, even now, before its entry into force, it can influence the practice of recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments of different countries as a standard reflecting the current level of legal regulation. The importance of discussing the issue of possible participation in the Convention for Russia is emphasized, since in our country the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments is allowed only if there is an international agreement providing for such recognition and enforcement.

Keywords: 2019 Hague Judgments Convention, recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments, international civil procedure.

For citation: Borisov V. N. 2019 Hague Judjments Convention: Global Recognition and Enforcement of Civil and Commercial Judgments (Review of the International Conference Held in Hong Kong on September 9, 2019). Zhurnal zarubezhnogo zakonodatel'stva i sravnitel'nogo pravovedeniya = Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law, 2020, no. 3, pp. 166—172. DOI: 10.12737/jflcl.2020.027 (In Russ.)

  Download

  Download