Contents # 3/2019

Institute of State and Law, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119019, Russain Federation
E-mail: vechirkin@yandex.ru

DOI: 10.12737/jflcl.2019.3.1

Abstract
In science of state and constitutional law there are three concepts of sovereignty- people’s, national and state one. Popular sovereignty means rule of the people, its will, supreme right to the chosen legal status of man and of the citizen, public оrder and government, the order of relations with other states and international associations. National sovereignty characterizes the sovereign rights of nations, peoples, including the right to self-determination. State sovereignty is indissolubly connected with one of the basic principles of international law, non-interference in the internal affairs of states other structures. Only the state establishes a regime of state and law and order in society, although both are democratic and authoritarian.
First in science and then in the legal documents of XVII century (the Peace of Westphalia, 1648) recognized the sovereignty of the state. In the XVIII century the legal acts of American (United States) and French bourgeois-democratic revolutions establishes the people’s sovereignty. Constitutional recognition of national sovereignty is connected with the first basic legal acts of the Soviet Russia. This article discusses only the notion of the state sovereignty and the characteristics of the implementation of state sovereignty in the context of contemporary globalization, creating not just international alliances and sustainable associations of states not only to economic integration, but also the integration of a political nature.
Special problems of theoretical and practical problems arise in this regard in the European Union, but not only there. The constitutions of EU Member States after the accession to the EU sometimes refers to the limitation of state sovereignty, sometimes the transfer from states to the European Union of certain sovereign rights and government powers. Other integration associations do not have such provisions, but there are some other rules that take into account present-day realities. In our view, the principle of state sovereignty, its value will be saved, but it is important to take into account not only legal provisions, but also the actual condition, the situation of our time and give it a new interpretation of the principle of state sovereignty.

Keywords
state sovereignty, sovereign rights, state powers.

For citation
Chirkin V.E. Integrational Interstate Processes, Сonstitutions and State Sovereignty. Zhurnal zarubezhnogo zakonodatel'stva i sravnitel'nogo pravovedeniya = Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law, 2019, no. 3, pp. 5—19. DOI: 10.12737/jflcl.2019.3.1 (In Russ.).

References

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Boldyrev O.Yu. Economic Sovereignty of the State and Constitutional and Legal Mechanisms for Its Protection. Moscow, 2018. 408 p. (In Russ.)

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Chirkin V.Ye. Some of the Misconceptions about the Nature, Role and the Future of the Constitution. Idei konstitutsionalizma v otechestvennom zakonodatelstve. Moscow, 2019. Pp. 14–19. (In Russ.)

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Leksin I.V. Sovereignty and the State: the Conceptual Linkages and Differences. Rossiyskoe pravo. Obrazovanie, praktika, nauka, 2018, no. 3, pp. 17–29. (In Russ.)

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Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Kingdom of Denmark
E-mail: ole.hasselbalch@mail.dk

DOI: 10.12737/jflcl.2019.3.2

Abstract
The author continues the study of the Northern legal system, which he started in the Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law, 2019, no. 2. The author of the article highlights three main and the most substantial challenges, such as: globalization, illegal immigration and European Union Law influence. The author is confident in his statement, that the Nordic Legal System is not so formalized as the other European legal models are. It is said in the article that the Nordic Legal System has its thousands of years traditions and it is based on the common people's viewpoints. On the contrary, the EU Law is too much full of bureaucracy and it is an essential threat to the democratic pillars of the Scandinavian legal model. Moreover, the EU legal standards stipulate censorship, which limits and prevents the every day's realization of the fundamental human rights, the Scandinavian inhabitants got used to through the centuries of their history. The article also tells the readers about the potential and real threat of the illicit immigration. The author of the article says, that the illicit immigrants break the labour market stability and it is an essential obstacle for good governing in the taxes sphere. If there are legal immigrants on the other side, it hurts the economics of the mentioned countries of the Nordic Legal Family as well, because there are too many of them and they tries not to work but to have some advantages, having their cash benefit, grant and assistance transfers. Besides, the globalization process weakens the economic and political positions of the Nordic Legal System countries among the other participants to that phenomenon.

Keywords
legal standards, legal family, legal models, threat, immigrants, globalization, illicit, fundamental human rights.

For citation
Hasselbalch O. Nordic Legal System: Challenges. Zhurnal zarubezhnogo zakonodatel’stva i sravnitel’nogo pravovedeniya = Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law, 2019, no. 3, pp. 20—28. DOI: 10.12737/jflcl.2019.3.2

References

Khasselbalk O. Law-making traditions of Denmark in the context of the European law. Mezhdunarodnoe publichnoe i chastnoe pravo = International Public and Private Law, 2010, no. 6 (57), pp. 39–45. (In Russ.)

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National Research University “Higher School of Economics”, Moscow 101000, Russian Federation
E-mail: yumashev@hse.ru

DOI: 10.12737/jflcl.2019.3.3

Abstract
The article considers the so-called “Asian values” based on the Confucius' ethical teachings with its conception of patriarchal family, economic priorities, collectivism, loyalty to the state leaders.
The article consists of 3 parts. In the first part the author gives a general review of economic, political, legal and religious particularities of Asian states after their liberation from the colonial rule. He underlines that though majority of Asian states inherited main democratic institutions and legal systems (common and civil law) from their former colonial powers, they transformed the government system in their countries turning it to the authoritarian regimes.
The second part of the article describes the essence of Confucius’ teaching and the center point of it - the supremacy of ancestors' cult that finally leads to distinguishing family from state and to the dissolution of an individual in it.
In the third part the problem of different approaches to human rights by proponents of the “Asian values” and “European values” is discussed. Here the priorities of “Asian values” - multiple cultures, economic rights and collectivism - are set off against those of European ones: universality of human rights, political and civil rights, individualism.
The author concludes the article with the maxima of R. Kipling “Oh, East is East and West is West, and never the twain shall meet”.

Keywords
Asian values, Confucius’ ethical teaching, patriarchal family, authoritarian rule, world harmony, democracy, universality of human rights, economic, political and civil rights, multiple cultures, western individualism, collectivism, hierarchy.

For citation
Yumashev Yu.M. Asian Values: Between Morality, Policy and Right. Zhurnal zarubezhnogo zakonodatel’stva i sravnitel’nogo pravovedeniya = Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law, 2019, no. 3, pp. 29—41. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.12737/jflcl.2019.3.3

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Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow 117218, Russian Federation
E-mail: foreign1@izak.ru

DOI: 10.12737/jflcl.2019.3.4

Abstract
The presented article is devoted to issues of legislative regulation and the introduction of criminal liability for new types of crime committed online on the Internet. The rapid growth of crimes committed with impunity with the use of new digital technologies (such as malicious and offensive messages, including those on the basis of hatred, extortion, misinformation and manipulation of online and other crimes causing a strong emotional and psychological stress for a victim) poses to the state the task of maintaining as much security in cyberspace as in real life, especially when it comes to protecting vulnerable categories - children and young people.
The author, by means of comparative legal method, examines the latest criminal legislation, its development trends, as well as law enforcement practice in common law countries with developed digital infrastructure (Australia, United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada, New Zealand and the USA).
In the article particular attention is paid to the criminalization of such crimes against the person as cyberbullying, porn revenge, sexual grooming of children, possession of a paedophile manual etc. Permissiveness on the Internet, assured by the anonymity of the offender, exposes countless children to the risk of sexual violence and various forms of exploitation, in connection with the creation of materials about child abuse or live broadcast of the crimes committed.
Assessing the direction of criminal law development, the author notes the increasing criminalization of online forms of crime in foreign countries, toughening criminal responsibility not only of individuals, but also of legal entities, in particular, web service providers which do not remove child abuse content from their platforms.

Keywords
safer Internet, online disinformation, online harms, online crimes, offline crimes, cyberbulling, sexual grooming of children, paedophile manual, revenge porn, harmful digital communications, online sexual coercion and extortion of children.

For citation
Golovanova N.A. New Types of Online Crimes Abroad. Zhurnal zarubezhnogo zakonodatel’stva i sravnitel’nogo pravovedeniya = Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law, 2019, no. 3, pp. 42—57. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.12737/jflcl.2019.3.4

References

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Cheer U. Abusive and Offensive Communications: the Criminal Law of New Zealand. Available at: https://s3-eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/lawcom-prod-storage-11jsxou24uy7q/uploads/2018/11/New-Zealand-U-Cheer.pdf.

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Golovanova N.A. To the Question of Classification of Sources of Contemporary English Criminal Law. Zhurnal rossijskogo prava = Journal of Russian Law, 2014, no. 11, pp. 96–107. (In Russ.)

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Russian Foreign Trade Academy, Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation, Moscow 119285, Russian Federation
E-mail: info@vavt.ru

DOI: 10.12737/jflcl.2019.3.5

Abstract
This article is devoted to the analysis of the current status quo in the sphere of groups of companies and their regulation; it is focused on studying existing realities and emerging trends. Despite all the efforts made in the law by leading foreign countries, the traditional law of companies, which has high hopes, clearly lags far behind the current realities developed in result of the growth in the pace of corporate integration caused, in turn, by the concentration of capital and the centralization of their management.
For the purposes of regulation, groups of companies as a model of corporate integration and control, need a proper «philosophy», where some elements can already be found in a number of initiatives and trends that have recently emerged in the law of leading countries. It is not a fact that these elements will be reflected in the final version of the «philosophy», since its formation directly depends on the principal possibility of solving existing questions and the nature of the answers received. At the same time, it is crucial, as it is mentioned in the recommendations of the European forums, to solve the problem of the need to understand and to rethink the true essence of the norms of the concerns' law, which is laid down by the German legislator in the provisions of the 1965 Act; their relevance is determined by the fact that these norms, so far, have been used by national legislators as the basis for the development of relevant norms.
At present, there is some decline in practical interest to the problems of groups of companies regulation, associated primarily with the “failure” of European initiatives aimed at developing unified rules of the groups of companies' law. Here, after lingering pause, we can see the activity of some countries, which at-tempted to solve the problem of the regulation using the approach, declared as “a retreat from the rule of law concerns”. This is firstly law of Italy and, to a certain extent, law of Spain.

Keywords
vertical and horizontal groups of companies, minority (external) shareholders, corporateе governance and coordination, compensatory advantages.

For citation
Fedchuk V.D. Realities and Trends of Group of Companies Modern Regulation. Zhurnal zarubezhnogo zakonodatel’stva i sravnitel’nogo pravovedeniya = Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law, 2019, no. 3, pp. 58—76. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.12737/jflcl.2019.3.5

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State Council of France, Paris, French Republic
E-mail: malatournerie@orange.fr

DOI: 10.12737/jflcl.2019.3.6

Abstract
In pre-war France, most residential buildings had one owner - a natural or legal person. But the Law of June 28, 1938, and then the Law of July 10, 1965 established a legal regime of joint (shared) property in view of the widespread practice of fragmentation of property.
The Law of 1965 (as last amended on November 23, 2018) provides for the division of ownership into separate shares, including both the residential part and the part of joint use. The law clarifies the concept of each part of the share of property. At the same time on owners' certain duties on the maintenance of a residential structure and the territory adjoining to it are assigned. Management is assigned to the syndic elected by the general meeting (assembly) of owners from among candidates - professional managers, and to members of board of governors from among co-owners. The assembly approves the budget and cost estimates.
The article also analyses the problems faced by owners: the need to adapt the charter to the changing legislation; difficulties in achieving a consensus on the part of members of the board of governors and the syndic; different levels of financial capacity of owners in the financing of additional works.

Keywords
shared property, management of shared property, Syndic, Board of governors.

For citation
Latournerie M.-A. The Status of the Shared Ownership Dwellings in France. Zhurnal zarubezhnogo zakonodatel’stva i sravnitel’nogo pravovedeniya = Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law, 2019, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 77—81. (In French). DOI: 10.12737/jflcl.2019.3.6

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Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of Russian Federation, Moscow 117218, Russian Federation
E-mail: olgbelusva@rambler.ru

DOI: 10.12737/jflcl.2019.3.7

Abstract
Judicial and arbitration practice of resolution of precontractual disputes, arising in the international commercial turnover, is analyzed in the article. It is being noted that precontractual liability is a well-known protection mechanism of aggrieved nonbreaching party of a potential contract in the international commercial turnover, as evidenced by UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 1980 and Principles of International Commercial Contract UNIDROIT.
Separately author explores the disputes, concerning the qualification of the relations between the parties (have it precontractual or contractual character), determination of the applicable to the precontractual relations law and observance of the principle of good faith while making contract. While analyzing the judicial and arbitration practice, author gives commentaries concerning correspondence of proceeding decisions with modern tendencies of regulation of precontractual relations in the international commercial turnover and common principles of law. Author positively appraise changes to Russian civil legislation and private international law, which, according to author, will promote the effective resolution of precontractual disputes.
Making conclusion author notes, that in the modern conditions of the development of digital technology it is rather presumably the complicacy of structure connections within precontractual relations, which is due to creation of electronic marketplaces (commercial platforms), using smart constructions while making contracts and etc. Nevertheless, according to the author's opinion, the discussed in the article questions (about qualification of the relations between the parties, determination of the applicable to the precontractual relations law and getting-the-balance between freedom of negotiations and duty to act in a good faith while making contract) will stay actual.

Keywords
precontractual disputes, international commercial turnover, arbitration, court, UNIDROIT Principles, applicable law, good faith.

For citation
Muratova O.V. Practical Experience of Resolution of Precontractual Disputes, Arising in the International Commercial Turnover. Zhurnal zarubezhnogo zakonodatel’stva i sravnitel’nogo pravovedeniya = Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law, 2019, no. 3, pp. 82—97. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.12737/jflcl.2019.3.7

References

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Zhuzhzhalov M.B.R. fon Jering’ doctrine concerning precontractual liability: the influence on modernity and possibilities for exercising in future (the commentary to the Russian translation of the academic paper “Culpa in contrahendo, or compensation of losses caused by invalidity or non-conclusion of contracts”). Vestnik grazhdanskogo prava, 2013, no. 3, pp. 267–311. (In Russ.)

Zimmermann R., Whittaker S. Good Faith in European Contract Law. Cambridge, 2000.

 

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Moscow Regional Duma, Moscow 129063, Russian Federation
E-mail: moduma@yandex.ru

DOI: 10.12737/jlfcl.2019.3.8

Abstract
The author examines the experience of Russia, Europe and the former Soviet Union in the regulation of land relations, including those related to the ownership of land. The author examines the various approaches of legislators in addressing questions about what is included in the concept of real estate is valid or not, the concept of a single property (in other words, what constitutes the land), the content of the right of ownership to land plots, as relations connected with the right of land development, etc.
The study is based on modern methods of scientific knowledge, including methods of comparative, systematic, logical, dialectical analysis, etc.
The author reveals that in all analysed legal orders the owner of the land plot does not have full freedom in its use. In many cases, certain activities related to the use of land are permitted only based on a special permit. The content of ownership of land in foreign countries is almost the same. Identification of positive experience of foreign countries allowed the author to formulate a conclusion about the appropriateness of the approach used in the legislation of European countries, according to which the owner of the land belongs to all the space under the ground. The extension of the right of ownership to everything under the surface of the land plot implies the exclusion of subsoil plots from independent objects of law and entails the extension of the land plot regime to them, which corresponds to the concept of a single real estate object. At the same time, it is proposed to establish exceptions to the proposed subsoil regime - generally, extracted or extracted minerals or energy and other resources should be excluded from land ownership, the list of which should be legislated.

Keywords
the right of private property, land, land, foreign experience, the concept of land, the right of development, a single property.

For citation
Chaplin N.Yu. Legal Basics of Land Relations in Russia and Foreign Countries. Zhurnal zarubezhnogo zakonodatel’stva i sravnitel’nogo pravovedeniya = Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law, 2019, no. 3, pp. 98—112. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.12737/jlfcl.2019.3.8

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D. I. DEDOV, European Court of Human Rights, Strasbourg, France

Kh. I. HAJIYEV, Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow 117218, Russian Federation

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Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow 117218, Russian Federation

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Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow 117218, Russian Federation

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Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow 117218, Russian Federation

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All-Russian State University of Justice, Moscow, Russian Federation

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Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation

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