Contents # 1/2020

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B. Mathieu
Speech by member of the State Counsil of France on extraordinary service, professor at the University Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne, member of the European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission of the Council of Europe), vice president of the International Association of Constitutional Law, foreign member of the Russian Academy of Sciences Bertrand Mathieu at the Plenary Session of the IX International Congress of Comparative Law “Legal Values in the Focus of Comparative Law“ (Moscow, December 2, 2019).

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R. A. ogly Gurbanov
Speech by President of the European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice (CEPEJ) Ramin Gurbanov at the Plenary Session of the IX International Congress of Comparative Law “Legal Values in the Focus of Comparative Law“ (Moscow, December 2, 2019).

 

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G. G. Harutyunyan
Speech by member of the European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission of the Council of Europe) Gagik Harutyunyan at the Plenary Session of the IX International Congress of Comparative Law “Legal Values in the Focus of Comparative Law“ (Moscow, December 2, 2019).

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I. I. Rogov
Speech by deputy executive director of the Foundation of the first President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, member of the European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission of the Council of Europe) Igor Rogov at the Plenary Session of the IX International Congress of Comparative Law “Legal Values in the Focus of Comparative Law“ (Moscow, December 2, 2019).

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T. N. Neshataeva
Speech by judge of the Court of the Eurasian Economic Union Tatyana Neshataeva at the Plenary Session of the IX International Congress of Comparative Law “Legal Values in the Focus of Comparative Law“ (Moscow, December 2, 2019).

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G. V. Dikov
Speech by lawyer of the Department of democratic institutions and human rights of the Secretariat of the European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission of the Council of Europe) Grigory Dikov at the Plenary Session of the IX International Congress of Comparative Law “Legal Values in the Focus of Comparative Law“ (Moscow, December 2, 2019).

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A. I. Kovler, Yu. E. Ibragimova
Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow 117218, Russian Federation

This article provides a review of the IX International Congress of Comparative Law “Legal Values in the Focus of Comparative Law“ (Moscow, December 2, 2019).

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B. K. Otorova
Balasagyn Kyrgyz National University, Bishkek 720033, Kyrgyz Republic

This article provides a review of the National Legal Forum (Legal Tech) "The Role of Information and Communication Technologies in Strengthening the Rule of Law in Kyrgyzstan” (Bishkek, June 26, 2019).

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D. I. Dedov, European Court of Human Rights, Strasbourg, France

Kh. I. Hajiyev, Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow 117218, Russian Federation

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S. A. Gracheva
Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow 117218, Russian Federation
E-mail: sinobi_unit@mail.ru

Abstract
The article examines the topic of subsidiarity, which is subject of an increasing attention being a principle or doctrine of developing relations on an interstate (supranational) basis. However, it is often considered through its traditional “constitutional” assessment concerning the issue of public authority. It is proposed to identify subsidiarity in international law in connection with its “federalist” significance for the purposes of regional integration (based on the experience of the European Union) (competency doctrine); taking into account the recognition, almost universally, of the exhaustion of national remedies before applying to international authorities (the doctrine on the method of procedural interconnection of institutes for the protection of rights). In both cases, the effectiveness of subsidiarity has become largely determined by its judicial context (interpretation). The problem of subsidiarity is "originally" developed in connection with the experience of the European Court of Human Rights — its normative adoption is not only a legally-moderate continuation of the discourse on the "non-interference" of the supranational court, "state sovereignty and human rights". Also it is an indicator of the current stage of inter-level interaction on basis of the law of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, which is sometimes considered constitutional. At the same time, the topic of a strict or extensive interpretation of subsidiarity in the procedural meaning retains its current interest.
It is substantiated that the interest in subsidiarity in international law as a whole corresponds to the modern trends of its development (in the context of its fragmentation, judicial multiplication of legal universals), however, the attention to this doctrine does not, as expected, fits into the classic ideas of international law and its principles. At the same time, its consideration is possible based on ideas about the constitutionalisation of international law (internationalization of constitutional law). Such ideas, although initially (we believe erroneously) are considered from the position of a “normative” logic of relations. Nevertheless, they rather suggest a departure from it in favor of a dynamic inter-level relationship and a search for a balance based on the values of law that have received sufficient universalization.

Keywords
subsidiarity, international law, constitutionalisation, inter-level interaction, legal order, exhaustion of local remedies, Court of Justice of the European Union, European Court of Human Rights, judicial dialogue.

For citation
Gracheva S. A. Constitutional Approach to the Doctrine of Subsidiarity in International Law. Zhurnal zarubezhnogo zakonodatel'stva i sravnitel'nogo pravovedeniya = Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law, 2020, no. 1, pp. 52—73. DOI: 10.12737/jflcl.2020.001 (In Russ.)

References

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L. O. Gontar
Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow 117218, Russian Federation
E-mail: cambridge.gontar@gmail.com

Abstract
In the context of the development of information technologies, one often encounters the problem of international information cyber security and seeks legal solutions to ensure adequately guarantees in the emerging information society. The article proposes to analyze the protection of personal data as a key institution of international information cyber security, which will determine the concept of this sub-sector. Understanding the protection of personal data as an institution of the aforementioned sub-industry is of practical importance. It is dictated by the need to study international information cyber security and the actual possibility for further development of theoretical and practical legal recommendations. The article includes cases and theoretical and practical conclusions on them. It touches on the case of the “Snowden effect”, which marked the beginning of a violent reaction of legislators in various states to these changes, as well as its transformation into an international problem. It is important to understand in which direction it is relevant at the international level in the implementation of international information cyber security, which refers us to an understanding of the information society and other conceptual issues. In addition to this, the article analyzes the case study “Big Browser Watch”, which demonstrates more clearly the position of the European Court of Human Rights regarding mass surveillance and attempts made to offer legal remedies. This solution also refers to the more global problem of “electronic warfare”, which in fact attaches importance to the institution of personal data protection. The article contains a synthesis of theoretical and practical approaches which allow us to argue about the existence and dynamics of the personal data protection institution within the framework of the sub-branch of international cyber information security law.

Keywords
institute for the protection of personal data, Convention 108, information society, information rights, European Court of Human Rights, Snowden effect.

For citation
Gontar L. O. On Personal Data as an Institute of International Information Cybersecurity in the Projection of International Organizations. Zhurnal zarubezhnogo zakonodatel'stva i sravnitel'nogo pravovedeniya = Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law, 2020, no. 1, pp. 74—86. DOI: 10.12737/jflcl.2020.002 (In Russ.)

References

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V. S. Malichenko
Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow 117218, Russian Federation
E-mail: vlad.malichenko@gmail.com

Abstract
Under the influence of globalization, manufacturers of medical products are forced to revise the economic efficiency of their activities. This leads to a significant increase in the number of participants at all stages — from the moment of development and production to getting into health care institutions, while states, regardless the level of their economic development, are not able to provide the proper control level of the entire chain of medical products’ circulation. The results of a WHO study in 2018 shows that the prevalence of counterfeit products is about 10% of the total global turnover of medical products. Access to safe, high-quality and effective medical products is an essential element in ensuring the proper quality of medical care, as well as the realization of the right of everyone to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, as articulated in the provisions of the fundamental acts of a universal and regional nature. The access to safe medical products is an important element in achieving the UN development goals. However, despite the high relevance of this problem, the activities of international organizations in this area remain extremely fragmented, which does not allow development of comprehensive solutions to counter the proliferation of counterfeit medical products. At the same time, high activity in counteracting counterfeit medical products is undertaken at the level of regional organizations, which is a trigger for the harmonization and convergence of national legislation for the introduction of common standards for countering the distribution of counterfeit medical products.
The article analyzes the main prerequisites that contribute to the increase in the distribution of falsified and low-quality products, provides an assessment of the impact of these processes on the implementation of sustainable development goals, as well as the implementation of fundamental human rights. The author consolidates the main stages in the formation of terminological foundations regarding counterfeit and poor-quality products within the framework of acts of international organizations, identifies the main trends in the field of international cooperation to counter this threat and also develops recommendations for improving the effectiveness of international organizations. Special attention is paid to the issue of harmonization and convergence of national legislations in relation to countering the falsification of medical products in the framework of the activities of regional integration associations: European Union, Council of Europe, Eurasian Economic Union. The author analyzes the main directions of the state policy of the Russian Federation regarding the development of control and supervision activities to prevent the appearance of falsified and substandard medical products, and also provides an overview of the development of national legislation in this area in recent years.

Keywords
falsification, counterfeit, medical products, medicines, online trading.

For citation
Malichenko V. S. International Legal Mechanism for Countering the Proliferation of Poor-Quality and Falsified Medical Products. Zhurnal zarubezhnogo zakonodatel'stva i sravnitel'nogo pravovedeniya = Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law, 2020, no. 1, pp. 87—100. DOI: 10.12737/jflcl.2020.003 (In Russ.)

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V. D. Churakov
National Research University “Higher School of Economics”, Moscow 101000, Russian Federation
E-mail: vchurakov@hse.ru

Abstract
The actual state of science and technology predetermines changes in the methodology of scientific research and social practices. The paper is dedicated to various aspects of information technology application in legal science and practice: current technological development; prospects for the use of technology in legal research; examples of required regulatory changes.
The author discusses the basic principles of the development of Big Data and the scope of Legal Tech. Big Data in legal science operates in two main areas: provides an opportunity to explain existing phenomena; provides the ability to predict the behavior in the legal sphere. Therefore, the methodology and philosophy of legal research significantly change. The application of Big Data makes it possible, on the basis of objectively obtained parameters, to build connections and correlations that are independent of the researcher's commitment to any scientific concept. In other words, the research hypothesis is not built up before the research but is formed only after the interpretation of the obtained interrelations.
The example of the dynamic development of legal institutions reveals the problems associated with the need for an interdisciplinary combination of law and IT-technologies. Legal science is characterized by the following set of problems: the legal personality of artificial intelligence; data collection and verification; interpretation of the results; the role of traditional tools; “trust” to calculations; the international nature of digitalization; personal data.
Practical problems are associated with: incorporation into the legislation of new principles, terms, definitions, and legal institutions; workflow development; the reliability of electronic documents; the civil status of Big Data.

Keywords
Big Data, digital economy, IT-technologies in law.

For citation
Churakov V. D. Current Issues of It-Technologies in Legal Science and Practice. Zhurnal zarubezhnogo zakonodatel'stva i sravnitel'nogo pravovedeniya = Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law, 2020, no. 1, pp. 101—113. DOI: 10.12737/ jflcl.2020.004 (In Russ.)

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Law-Making Process in the Entities of the Russian Federation (on the Example of the Republic of Crimea and Federal City of Sevastopol). Ed. by S. A. Trofimov, I. V. Bondarchuk. Simferopol', 2018. 355 p. (In Russ.)

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L. N. Kabatskaya
Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow 117218, Russian Federation
E-mail: lili.kab@yandex.ru

Abstract
The article deals with the legal regulation of the elimination of accumulated environmental damage by different states. For the Russian Federation, the elimination of accumulated environmental damage is a new experience and the mechanism of its functioning has not been sufficiently studied. Consideration of foreign experience of legal regulation of elimination of accumulated environmental damage will allow to determine the general features of legal regulation of the said process in different states and to study the foreign legal instruments providing the greatest efficiency of elimination of accumulated environmental damage. Using the positive experience of foreign countries in the elimination of accumulated environmental damage will improve the legal regulation of this issue in the Russian Federation. The author analyzes the works devoted to the elimination of accumulated environmental damage, legal acts of the USA, Germany, Great Britain, Austria regulating the cleaning of contaminated territories, articles of Russian and foreign scientists on this issue.
Based on the conclusions of leading scientists that the responsibility for the elimination of accumulated environmental damage is mainly assigned to the owner or right holder of the contaminated territory, the author summarizes the essential features of the elimination of accumulated damage in foreign countries and focuses on the fact that the legal regulation of the elimination of accumulated damage in these countries is carried out within the framework of land relations, the leading role in the identification, assessment and cleaning of territories is played by local authorities, as well as, that the restoration of land is carried out for the purpose of its reuse.

Keywords
elimination of accumulated environmental damage in foreign countries, contaminated territories and objects.

For citation
Kabatskaya L. N. Foreign Experience in Legal Regulation of Liquidation of Accumulated Environmental Damage. Zhurnal zarubezhnogo zakonodatel'stva i sravnitel'nogo pravovedeniya = Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law, 2020, no. 1, pp. 114—128. DOI: 10.12737/jflcl.2020.005 (In Russ.)

References

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Bearden D. M. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act: A Summary of Superfund Cleanup Authorities and Related Provisions of the Act. 2012. Available at: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41039.pdf (accessed 21.03.2019).

Broslavskiy L. I. Liability for environment and damages compensation: laws and practices of Russia, the United States and the European Union. Moscow, 2014. 227 p. (In Russ.)

Glante F. In Deutschland ist Bodenschutz Gesetz. Available at: https://www.dw.com/de/in-deutschland-ist-bodenschutzgesetz/a-18658586 (accessed 13.10.2018).

Ignat'eva I. A. Legal support for the elimination of accumulated environmental damage. Rossiyskiy yuridicheskiy zhurnal, 2017, no. 2, pp. 164—177. (In Russ.)

Kichigin N. V. Regulation of accumulated environmental damage. Ekologiya proizvodstva, 2016, no. 9, pp. 16—21. (In Russ.)

Land Remediation: Bringing Brownfield Sites Back to Use. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/land-remediationbringing-brownfield-sites-back-to-use/land-remediation-bringing-brownfield-sites-back-to-use#innovation (accessed 04.05.2019).

Legal regulation of reparation of environmental damage. Scientific-practical manual. Ed. by N. V. Kichigin. Moscow, 2017. 368 p. (In Russ.)

Solov'yanov A. A. Past (accumulated) environmental damage: problems and solutions. The experience of countries of Western Europe. Available at: http://ecovestnik.ru/index.php/2013-07-07-02-13-50/kommentrij-specialista/2339-proshlyj-nakoplennyj-ekologicheskijushcherb-problemy-i-resheniya-3-opyt-stran-zapadnoj-evropy (accessed 13.10.2018). (In Russ.)

Solov'yanov A. A., Chernin S. Ya. Elimination of accumulated environmental damage in the Russian Federation. Moscow, 2017. 455 p. (In Russ.)

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What is the Difference Between a Removal Action and a Remedial Action? Available at: https://superfund.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/211635948-What-is-the-difference-between-a-removal-action-and-a-remedial-action (accessed 13.10.2018).

Yudina A. V. Objects, purposes and levels of comparative legal studies. Vestnik Rossiyskogo universiteta druzhby narodov. Seriya: Yuridicheskie nauki, 2014, no. 1, pp. 129—133. (In Russ.)

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A. V. Solovyeva
Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University), Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Moscow 119454, Russian Federation
E-mail: helena.soloveva@gmail.com

Abstract
The article deals with the problem of periodization of the history of international investment law in the Russian and American doctrines. The author gives an idea of the peculiarities of the development of Soviet-American relations after the October Revolution of 1917 in Russia. The article analyzes the impact of Litvinov Assignment on the formation of basic standards for the protection of foreign investors rights.
The purpose of the study is to restore doctrinal justice and ensure proper analytical registration of the considered events. The achievement of this goal is connected with the study of historical and legal aspects of the emergence and development of key principles and standards for the protection of foreign investment. For the first time in Russian legal science, the fact of the influence of Litvinov Assignment on the development of international investment law is expressed and justified as an author's concept on a significant factual, normative and theoretical material.
A wide range of different research methods is used: dialectical-materialistic philosophy, system analysis as General methods of scientific knowledge. In the process of research, general scientific and special legal methods were used: comparative legal, historical and legal.
The conclusion is formulated about the fundamental importance of the first decrees of the Soviet regime on nationalization as the most important source of international investment law and the program of nationalization, which led to the emergence of new interstate relations. New approaches to legal regulation of expropriation appeared, and Litvinov Assignment laid the basic principle of compensation for the forcible expropriation of the property of a foreign investor.

Keywords
international investment law, Soviet-American relations, Livtinov Assignment.

For citation
Solovyeva A. V. Litvinov Assignment: A Fata Morgana in Russian Doctrine of International Investment Law. Zhurnal zarubezhnogo zakonodatel'stva i sravnitel'nogo pravovedeniya = Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law, 2020, no. 1, pp. 129—147. DOI: 10.12737/jflcl.2020.006 (In Russ.)

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